Liv Doll by Spin Master Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Liv Doll by Spin Master - Research Paper Example In light of the unique highlights utilizing electronic parts, Liv Dolls grabbed the eye of the young people everywhere throughout the world. This paper quickly investigations the large scale ecological factors like; Political and lawful, Economic, Social and social, and Technological factorsâ of Spin Master through the advertising points of view of Liv Dolls. Worldwide financial conditions are not very great at present which is anything but a decent sign for the Liv Dolls of Spin Masters. Individuals compelled to chop down their use on non-gainful products so as to smooth out their family financial plan in the correct track, particularly in the plunging monetary conditions. As such, the toy advertise is confronting firm issues at present which is anything but a decent sign for Spin master’s item, Live Doll. â€Å"Liv dolls are in stores now and retail for $19.99 and embellishment things go from $5.49 to $19.99† (Spin Master Launches Liv Dolls, 2010). Burning through 20 dollars for toy things was not a major thing prior, however at present individuals compelled to chop down even such little uses in view of the downturn issues. Turn Master says the young ladies are focused at young ladies matured six to ten. The dolls incorporate Daniela, Sophie, Katie, and Alexis. Turn Master says a few highlights of the dolls incorporate 14 purposes of development, simple to change wigs, embed capable glass eyes, and nitty gritty designs. The Liv Dolls are lovable. They do have a passing likeness to Bratz dolls as a result of the bigger head size, however they don't look scandalous like the Bratz dolls do (Spin Master Launches Liv Dolls, 2010) Turn Master totally overhauled the toy idea in the market. They prevailing with regards to revising a considerable lot of the customary ideas about the plans and highlights of a toy, existing in the market.â

Aristotle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Aristotle - Research Paper Example In any case, others have concurred with the two hypotheses expressing that nature furnishes the people with these characteristics while support serves to form and build up these attributes through development and learning. The impact of heredity and the earth is anyway apparent as in numerous people. The hereditary make of an individual is gotten from his folks and this is because of heredity. This impacts the conduct of a person as these qualities have been accounted for by scientists to impact knowledge, character, sexual direction and hostility (Ceci and Williams, 123). These qualities are encoded in an individual’s DNA and henceforth are acquired by the offspring’s. Physical appearances of different people like shade of the skin, eye, and tallness in addition to other things have affirmed this and consequently there is a likelihood that nature assumes a significant job in impacting the manner in which we act. For instance if intimate twins that are raised under simi lar conditions will never carry on a similar path as they posses’ various qualities from their folks. Sustain then again is additionally significant in deciding our practices as these attributes are simply in the body yet they must be created so as to completely come up and impact the conduct of a person. ... This is just conceivable when such people practice how to be clever and innovative and the sort of the earth in which they are likewise contributes a great deal. It is said then he was ‘’nurtured’’ by specific individuals (Ceci and Williams, 134). A model here is to consider indistinguishable twins raised under various conditions will never act like one another. The steady of nature versus sustain banter possesses proceeded with long energy for a few centuries because of certain hidden issues. One of the most significant qualities of this issue is that there are a few issues that are weaved together by equivocalness and furthermore vulnerability into an issue that is hard to understand (Ceci and Williams, 147). This makes the individuals in the discussion incapable to place their concentration in one or a solitary characterized important inquiry. Another issue ascends from hereditary language itself we have to separate the importance of nature and sustain a nd what most researchers call commitments of the two terms. Once in a while the thing that matters is that nature is about what is inside while sustain is the thing that we procure from the conditions that we connect with. Commitments here implies that the effect of either nature or support on the practices of people. The discussion here is that a few people accept that what is intrinsic contribute or figures out what an individual will be. Nature bases its contention from the qualities while sustain contention depends on condition (Ceci and Williams 137). There is need in this way two characterize very well the importance of quality and condition as they are the key issues in this contention. We have to comprehend what the quality does and what the earth does most definitely. These two issues are the focal of this discussion. Aristotle’s contention in the

Dear Betty and Veronica On ARCHIEs Advice Columns for Kids

Dear Betty and Veronica On ARCHIEs Advice Columns for Kids “Dear Veronica,  I don’t have much money, but I want a new wardrobe. If I shop at thrift stores, everyone will know because they will recognise  their clothes. I live in a small town. What can I do?”   Jalee, by email.   I am overjoyed to tell you that this year, after many years apart Archie Andrews and his Riverdale gang are once again presences in my life. I have a rebooted comic shared universe and Riverdale on the CW to thank for this return. Because of Cole Sprouse, I once again love Jughead Jones more than anything on this planet. So the other day, fumbling through my comic books, I decided to read a  Veronica comic book from 2004. The main story in the issue involves Veronica struggling as a student reporter at Riverdale High’s new television station. She interviews a famous old actress at a senior home, and then discovers that the woman she interviewed is actually the jewel-thieving twin sister of said actress. The story was a blast, but on the next page was something even better. I found a Veronica advice column, where real kids wrote in to ask questions to Veronica! I love the premise that this fictional character is giving her two sense on the everyday problems of her readers.  Even better, the column is  incredibly empathetic and offers  substantial advice. “Veronica” (written by Sara Algase) responds to the above question: “Dear Jalee, It could definitely be embarrassing to shop at a local thrift store and end up wearing some of your friends’ clothes. You’d probably have more luck if you shop at a thrift store that’s farther away, or maybe at a flea market where you can get good prices and won’t have to worry that you’re wearing hand-me downs.” Algase takes  the time in her letter to offer assurance  and kindness, and provides specific strategies for how kids with less money can stay as fashionable as their friends. This letter might have been really moving and useful for Jalee.   I dug a little bit into my comic collection (ie; pile of boxes in my  closet) and found extra-textual content scattered throughout Archie Comics. Some favorites include a  First Annual Veronica Pop Culture Survey (Jessica Simpson and Raven Symone are clear favorites), paid essay submissions from kids around the country, art contests of Archie doodles. From what I could find though, the advice column seems to be specific to Betty, Veronica, and Betty and Veronica comics. In the mid-2000s, all of the columns I could find are credited to Sara Algase. Kids  want to know how to ask out their crush, how to navigate their friendships, how to grieve pets. In a Betty comic, Katelin writes to Betty Cooper that “sometimes I get stressed out over one simple little thing. My stomach gets achy and my head starts to spin….Is this normal? Should I take yoga?” Betty writes back with warmth and compassion, teaching  Katelin about the physiological symptoms of stress and suggesting solutions. Nex t to this particular advice column is a quiz that asks kids “Do you Make Healthy Food Choices?” The Archie stories I’ve had in my head lately are not for children. Riverdale and the rebooted comic series are interesting and creative reinventions, but both very clearly recast Archie as a story about, and for, young adults. The comprehensive shared universe of the comics reboot seems designed for teenagers and adults who have enough money and independence  to read all the books and follow the full story. Riverdale especially is explicitly concerned with the dark and twisted running through the seemingly innocuous (can you say “maple syrup?). While this idea has power and importance, it also misses what the Veronica advice column reminded me about Archie comics. For a while, these  were stories about teenagers written for pre-teens. They were also texts written with incredible  care and empathy for those kids. I wonder if the world needs Archie comics written with kids in mind again. Save Save Save Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Inclusion Is Not A School Or A Childcare Setting

No two people are alike. Every person has likes, dislikes and preferences. And every individual has a different style of learning; it could be visual, auditory or kinesthetic. Many classrooms and childcare centers across the world, have been introducing inclusive classroom settings. In this paper I will be discussing what inclusion is, concerns parents and educators have about meeting the child’s needs, research related to the children developing quickly and children with special support. As well, I will discuss services offered by the Vancouver Supported Child Development Program, and my personal view about children learning in an inclusive environment. What is Inclusion? The Oxford Dictionary describes the word Inclusion as â€Å"The action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure† and â€Å"A person or thing that is included with in a whole.† Both of these quotes are definitions of inclusion, but what is inclusion mean a school or a childcare setting? â€Å"The first attempt at implementing this goal was called mainstreaming†(Allen, Paasche, Langford and Nolan, 2006, pg.3) Mainstreaming is â€Å"children that have special needs are to â€Å"be ready† to enter classroom settings.†( Allen, Paasche, Langford and Nolan, 2006, pg.3) This places an emphasis for helping the child meet the classroom expectations. The term Integration has also been used. This is when â€Å"children with special needs are given extra support so that they can be integrated into a regularShow MoreRelatedunderstand diversity, equality and inclusion in own are of responsibility1243 Words à ‚  |  5 Pagesï » ¿CU2943 1.1 Explain models of practice that underpin equality, diversity and inclusion in own area of responsibility. Equality is to treat all as individuals; to respect race, disability, age, gender, religion, beliefs, culture and sexual orientation. For all to be open to opportunities, to be treated fairly and respectfully, have rights and equal status in society and for all to reach their full potential. Diversity is to value that we are all unique and yet similar. We have different needsRead MoreThe Early Years Of A Child s Life1361 Words   |  6 Pageschild to new experiences and possibilities for acting in a on the world.† (Wood. 2013:24) Within a setting the most important partnership is with parents and families. 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The IDEA 1997 reinforced the demand for children’s early intervention services implementation in their natural environments, including their homes and community settings. In addition, IDEA 1997 established two distinct systems: (a) one for early intervention servicesRead MoreQualiity Assurance Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagessocial care or children and young people’s settings. Analyse how legislative and regulatory frameworks inform quality standards that apply to the work setting. The main regulatory framework that we follow is the EYFS welfare requirements. The requirements are broken down into sections: * The learning and development requirements This details how we must work in partnership with parents and carers, promote the areas of learning preparing them for school. It ensures we support families that has

The United States Foreign Policy - 975 Words

The United States Foreign policy in the Middle East Since the United States became the world’s sole superpower, the Middle East has been seen as the most troublesome region in the world by US politicians. This view emanates from all the conflicts going in the Middle East that have the potential to threaten numerous strategic interests for the united Stated such as oil, terrorist, and Israel. Yet Middle East has never seen as problematic as it is now due to the excessive flux of problems the Middle East is struggling with. This increasingly conflicting nature of the region demands the US policymakers to reevaluate American policy in the Middle East to secure US interests. Unfortunately, American policy in the past three decades toward the†¦show more content†¦In the Persian Gulf, Britain protected Saudi Arabia and the other small states in the Arabian Peninsula especially when they became oil producers. British paid Jordan’s bills, supplied, and ran the army during 1950s’. London backed North Yemen to comb at the rising threat of Egypt in the Arabian Peninsula to Iraq’s designs on Kuwait. British view of the region was not the favorite to Americans. The United States prevented France and Britain from overthrowing Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasser in 1956. In part for that reason, when Britain announced its withdrawal from â€Å"East of Suez† in 1971, Eisenhower Administration was reluctant to their place. The United States tried to invest into regional proxies primarily Israel, Iran, and Saudi Arabia to serve protecting Western interests in the region. But in 1979, Shah of Iran was overthrown and replaced Ayatollah Khomeini. The threat his revolutionary Iranian state posed to American allies across the region led the United States to become militarily involved in the Persian Gulf for the first time, a commitment expanded when Iran’s defeat (with American assistance) in the Iran-Iraq War created the opportunity for Saddam Hussain to invade Kuwait and pose a threat to the region’s vital oil exports. Indeed, in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, George Bush Administration tried to eliminate some of the region’s problems perpetually by military

Bag of Bones CHAPTER SEVEN Free Essays

string(72) " hard enough to blow around wisps of the girl’s fine blonde hair\." The little girl actually she wasn’t much more than a baby-came walking up the middle of Route 68, dressed in a red bathing suit, yellow plastic flip-flops, and a Boston Red Sox baseball cap turned around backward. I had just driven past the Lakeview General Store and Dickie Brooks’s All-Purpose Garage, and the speed limit there drops from fifty-five to thirty-five. Thank God I was obeying it that day, otherwise I might have killed her. We will write a custom essay sample on Bag of Bones CHAPTER SEVEN or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was my first day back. I’d gotten up late and spent most of the morning walking in the woods which run along the lakeshore, seeing what was the same and what had changed. The water looked a little lower and there were fewer boats than I would have expected, especially on summer’s biggest holiday, but otherwise I might never have been away. I even seemed to be slapping at the same bugs. Around eleven my stomach alerted me to the fact that I’d skipped breakfast. I decided a trip to the Village Cafe was in order. The restaurant at Warrington’s was trendier by far, but I’d be stared at there. The Village Cafe would be better if it was still doing business. Buddy Jellison was an ill-tempered fuck, but he had always been the best fry-cook in western Maine and what my stomach wanted was a big greasy Villageburger. Now this little girl, walking straight up the white line and looking like a majorette leading an invisible parade. At thirty-five miles per hour I saw her in plenty of time, but this road was busy in the summer, and very few people bothered creeping through the reduced-speed zone. There were only a dozen Castle County police cruisers, after all, and not many of them bothered with the TR unless they were specifically called there. I pulled over to the shoulder, put the Chevy in PARK, and was out before the dust had even begun to settle. The day was muggy and close and still, the clouds seeming low enough to touch. The kid a little blondie with a snub nose and scabbed knees stood on the white line as if it were a tightrope and watched me approach with no more fear than a fawn. ‘Hi,’ she said. ‘I go beach. Mummy ‘on’t take me and I’m mad as hell.’ She stamped her foot to show she knew as well as anybody what mad as hell was all about. Three or four was my guess. Well-spoken in her fashion and cute as hell, but still no more than three or four. ‘Well, the beach is a good place to go on the Fourth, all right,’ I said, ‘but ‘ ‘Fourth of July and fireworks too,’ she agreed, making ‘too’ sound exotic and sweet, like a word in Vietnamese. ‘ but if you try to walk there on the highway, you’re more apt to wind up in Castle Rock Hospital.’ I decided I wasn’t going to stand there playing Mister Rogers with her in the middle of Route 68, not with a curve only fifty yards to the south and a car apt to come wheeling around it at sixty miles an hour at any time. I could hear a motor, actually, and it was revving hard. I picked the kid up and carried her over to where my car was idling, and although she seemed perfectly content to be carried and not frightened a bit, I felt like Chester the Molester the second I had my arm locked under her bottom. I was very aware that anyone sitting around in the combined office and waiting room of Brooksie’s Garage could look out and see me. This is one of the strange midlife realities of my generation: we can’t touch a child who isn’t our own without fearing others will see something lecherous in our touching . . . or without thinking, way down deep in the sewers of our psyches, that there probably is something lecherous in it. I got her out of the road, though. I did that much. Let the Marching Mothers of Western Maine come after me and do their worst. ‘You take me beach?’ the little girl asked. She was bright-eyed, smiling. I figured that she’d probably be pregnant by the time she was twelve, especially given the cool way she was wearing her baseball cap. ‘Got your suitie?’ ‘Actually I think I left my suitie at home. Don’t you hate that? Honey, where’s your mom?’ As if in direct answer to my question, the car I’d heard came busting out of a road on the near side of the curve. It was a Jeep Scout with mud splashed high up on both sides. The motor was growling like something up a tree and pissed off about it. A woman’s head was poked out the side window. Little curie’s mom must have been too scared to sit down; she was driving in a mad crouch, and if a car had been coming around that particular curve in Route 68 when she pulled out, my friend in the red bathing suit would likely have become an orphan on the spot. The Scout fishtailed, the head dropped back down inside the cab, and there was a grinding as the driver upshifted, trying to take her old heap from zero to sixty in maybe nine seconds. If pure terror could have done the job, I’m sure she would have succeeded. ‘That’s Mattie,’ the girl in the bathing suit said. ‘I’m mad at her. I’m running away to have a Fourth at the beach. If she’s mad I go to my white nana.’ I had no idea what she was talking about, but it did cross my mind that Miss Bosox of 1998 could have her Fourth at the beach; I would settle for a fifth of something whole-grain at home. Meanwhile, I was waving the arm not under the kid’s butt back and forth over my head, and hard enough to blow around wisps of the girl’s fine blonde hair. You read "Bag of Bones CHAPTER SEVEN" in category "Essay examples" ‘Hey!’ I shouted. ‘Hey, lady! I got her!’ The Scout sped by, still accelerating and still sounding pissed off about it. The exhaust was blowing clouds of blue smoke. There was a further hideous grinding from the Scout’s old transmission. It was like some crazy version of Let’s Make a Deal.’ ‘Mattie, you’ve succeeded in getting into second gear would you like to quit and take the Maytag washer, or do you want to try for third?’ I did the only thing I could think of, which was to step out onto the road, turn toward the Jeep, which was now speeding away from me (the smell of the oil was thick and acrid), and hold the kid up high over my head, hoping Mattie would see us in her rearview mirror. I no longer felt like Chester the Molester; now I felt like a cruel auctioneer in a Disney cartoon, offering the cutest li’l piglet in the litter to the highest bidder. It worked, though. The Scout’s mudcaked taillights came on and there was a demonic howling as the badly used brakes locked. Right in front of Brooksie’s, this was. If there were any old-timers in for a good Fourth of July gossip, they would now have plenty to gossip about. I thought they would especially enjoy the part where Mom screamed at me to unhand her baby. When you return to your summer home after a long absence, it’s always nice to get off on the right foot. The backup lights flared and the Jeep began reversing down the road at a good twenty miles an hour. Now the transmission sounded not pissed off but panicky please, it was saying, please stop, you’re killing me. The Scout’s rear end wagged from side to side like the tail of a happy dog. I watched it coming at me, hypnotized now in the northbound lane, now across the white line and into the southbound lane, now overcorrecting so that the left-hand tires spumed dust off the shoulder. ‘Mattie go fast,’ my new girlfriend said in a conversational, isn’t-this-interesting voice. She had one arm slung around my neck; we were chums, by God. But what the kid said woke me up. Mattie go fast, all right, too fast. Mattie would, more likely than not, clean out the rear end of my Chevrolet. And if I just stood here, Baby Snooks and I were apt to end up as toothpaste between the two vehicles. I backed the length of my car, keeping my eyes fixed on the Jeep and yelling, ‘Slow down, Mattie! Slow down!’ Cutie-pie liked that. ‘S’yo down!’ she yelled, starting to laugh. ‘S’yo down, you old Mattie, s’yo down!’ The brakes screamed in fresh agony. The Jeep took one last walloping, unhappy jerk backward as Mattie stopped without benefit of the clutch. That final lunge took the Scout’s rear bumper so close to the rear bumper of my Chevy that you could have bridged the gap with a cigarette. The smell of oil in the air was huge and furry. The kid was waving a hand in front of her face and coughing theatrically. The driver’s door flew open; Mattie Devore flew out like a circus acrobat shot from a cannon, if you can imagine a circus acrobat dressed in old paisley shorts and a cotton smock top. My first thought was that the little girl’s big sister had been babysitting her, that Mattie and Mummy were two different people. I knew that little kids often spend a period of their development calling their parents by their first names, but this pale-cheeked blonde girl looked all of twelve, fourteen at the outside. I decided her mad handling of the Scout hadn’t been terror for her child (or not just terror) but total automotive inexperience. There was something else, too, okay? Another assumption that I made. The muddy four-wheel-drive, the baggy paisley shorts, the smock that all but screamed Kmart, the long yellow hair held back with those little red elastics, and most of all the inattention that allows the three-year-old in your care to go wandering off in the first place . . . all those things said trailer-trash to me. I know how that sounds, but I had some basis for it. Also, I’m Irish, goddammit. My ancestors were trailer-trash when the trailers were still horse-drawn caravans. ‘Stinky-phew!’ the little girl said, still waving a pudgy hand at the air in front of her face. ‘Scoutie stink!’ Where Scoutie’s bathing suitie? I thought, and then my new girlfriend was snatched out of my arms. Now that she was closer, my idea that Mattie was the bathing beauty’s sister took a hit. Mattie wouldn’t be middle-aged until well into the next century, but she wasn’t twelve or fourteen, either. I now guessed twenty, maybe a year younger. When she snatched the baby away, I saw the wedding ring on her left hand. I also saw the dark circles under her eyes, gray skin dusting to purple. She was young, but I thought it was a mother’s terror and exhaustion I was looking at. I expected her to swat the tot, because that’s how trailer-trash moms react to being tired and scared. When she did, I would stop her, one way or another distract her into turning her anger on me, if that was what it took. There was nothing very noble in this, I should add; all I really wanted to do was to postpone the fanny-whacking, shoulder-shaking, and in-your-face shouting to a time and place where I wouldn’t have to watch it. It was my first day back in town; I didn’t want to spend any of it watching an inattentive slut abuse her child. Instead of shaking her and shouting ‘Where did you think you were going, you little bitch?’ Mattie first hugged the child (who hugged back enthusiastically, showing absolutely no sign of fear) and then covered her face with kisses. ‘Why did you do that?’ she cried. ‘What was in your head? When I couldn’t find you, I died.’ Mattie burst into tears. The child in the bathing suit looked at her with an expression of surprise so big and complete it would have been comical under other circumstances. Then her own face crumpled up. I stood back, watched them crying and hugging, and felt ashamed of my preconceptions. A car went by and slowed down. An elderly couple Ma and Pa Kettle on their way to the store for that holiday box of Grape-Nuts gawked out. I gave them an impatient wave with both hands, the kind that says what are you staring at, go on, put an egg in your shoe and beat it. They sped up, but I didn’t see an out-of-state license plate, as I’d hoped I might. This version of Ma and Pa were locals, and the story would be fleeting its rounds soon enough: Mattie the teenage bride and her little bundle of joy (said bundle undoubtedly conceived in the back seat of a car or the bed of a pickup truck some months before the legitimizing ceremony), bawling their eyes out at the side of the road. With a stranger. No, not exactly a stranger. Mike Noonan, the writer fella from upstate. ‘I wanted to go to the beach and suh-suh-swim!’ the little girl wept, and now it was ‘swim’ that sounded exotic the Vietnamese word for ‘ecstasy,’ perhaps. ‘I said I’d take you this afternoon.’ Mattie was still sniffing, but getting herself under control. ‘Don’t do that again, little guy, please don’t you ever do that again, Mommy was so scared.’ ‘I won’t,’ the kid said ‘I really won’t.’ Still crying, she hugged the older girl tight, laying her head against the side of Mattie’s neck. Her baseball cap fell off. I picked it up, beginning to feel very much like an outsider here. I poked the blue-and-red cap at Mattie’s hand until her fingers closed on it. I decided I also felt pretty good about the way things had turned out, and maybe I had a right to. I’ve presented the incident as if it was amusing, and it was, but it was the sort of amusing you never see until later. When it was happening, it was terrifying. Suppose there had been a truck coming from the other direction? Coming around that curve, and coming too fast? A vehicle did come around it, a pickup of the type no tourist ever drives. Two more locals gawked their way by. ‘Ma’am?’ I said. ‘Mattie? I think I’d better get going. Glad your little girl is all right.’ The minute it was out, I felt an almost irresistible urge to laugh. I could picture me drawling this speech to Mattie (a name that belonged in a movie like Unforgiven or True Grit if any name ever did) with my thumbs hooked into the belt of my chaps and my Stetson pushed back to reveal my noble brow. I felt an insane urge to add, ‘You’re right purty, ma’am, ain’t you the new schoolteacher?’ She turned to me and I saw that she was right purty. Even with circles under her eyes and her blonde hair sticking off in gobs to either side of her head. And I thought she was doing okay for a girl probably not yet old enough to buy a drink in a bar. At least she hadn’t belted the baby. ‘Thank you so much,’ she said. ‘Was she right in the road?’ Say she wasn’t, her eyes begged. At least say she was walking along the shoulder. ‘Well ‘ ‘I walked on the line,’ the girl said, pointing. ‘It’s like the cross-mock.’ Her voice took on a faintly righteous tone. ‘Crossmock is safe.’ Mattie’s cheeks, already white, turned whiter. I didn’t like seeing her that way, and didn’t like to think of her driving home that way, especially with a kid. ‘Where do you live, Mrs. ?’ ‘Devore,’ she said. ‘I’m Mattie Devore.’ She shifted the child and put out her hand. I shook it. The morning was warm, and it was going to be hot by mid-afternoon beach weather for sure but the fingers I touched were icy. ‘We live just there.’ She pointed to the intersection the Scout had shot out of, and I could see surprise, surprise a doublewide trailer set off in a grove of pines about two hundred feet up the little feeder road. Wasp Hill Road, I recalled. It ran about half a mile from Route 68 to the water what was known as the Middle Bay. Ah yes, doc, it’s all coming back to me now. I’m once more riding the Dark Score range. Saving little kids is my specialty. Still, I was relieved to see that she lived close by less than a quarter of a mile from the place where our respective vehicles were parked with their tails almost touching and when I thought about it, it stood to reason. A child as young as the bathing beauty couldn’t have walked far . . . although this one had already demonstrated a fair degree of determination. I thought Mother’s haggard look was even more suggestive of the daughter’s will. I was glad I was too old to be one of her future boyfriends; she would have them jumping through hoops all through high school and college. Hoops of fire, likely. Well, the high-school part, anyway. Girls from the doublewide side of town did not, as a general rule, go to college unless there was a juco or a voke-tech handy. And she would only have them jumping until the right boy (or more likely the wrong one) came sweeping around the Great Curve of Life and ran her down in the highway, her all the while unaware that the white line and the crossmock were two different things. Then the whole cycle would repeat itself. Christ almighty, Noonan, quit it, I told myself. She’s three years old and you’ve already got her with three kids of her own, two with ringworm and one retarded. ‘Thank you so much,’ Mattie repeated. ‘That’s okay,’ I said, and snubbed the little girl’s nose. Although her cheeks were still wet with tears, she grinned at me sunnily enough in response. ‘This is a very verbal little girl.’ ‘Very verbal, and very willful.’ Now Mattie did give her child a little shake, but the kid showed no fear, no sign that shaking or hitting was the order of most days. On the contrary, her smile widened. Her mother smiled back. And yes once you got past the slopped-together look of her, she was most extraordinarily pretty. Put her in a tennis dress at the Castle Rock Country Club (where she’d likely never go in her life, except maybe as a maid or a waitress), and she would maybe be more than pretty. A young Grace Kelly, perhaps. Then she looked back at me, her eyes very wide and grave. ‘Mr. Noonan, I’m not a bad mother,’ she said. I felt a start at my name coming from her mouth, but it was only momentary. She was the right age, after all, and my books were probably better for her than spending her afternoons in front of General Hospital and One Life to Live. A little, anyway. ‘We had an argument about when we were going to the beach. I wanted to hang out the clothes, have lunch, and go this afternoon. Kyra wanted ‘ She broke off. ‘What? What did I say?’ ‘Her name is Kia? Did ‘ Before I could say anything else, the most extraordinary thing happened: my mouth was full of water. So full I felt a moment’s panic, like someone who is swimming in the ocean and swallows a wave-wash. Only this wasn’t a salt taste; it was cold and fresh, with a faint metal tang like blood. I turned my head aside and spat. I expected a gush of liquid to pour out of my mouth the sort of gush you sometimes get when commencing artificial respiration on a near-drowning victim. What came out instead was what usually comes out when you spit on a hot day: a little white pellet. And that sensation was gone even before the little white pellet struck the dirt of the shoulder. In an instant, as if it had never been there. ‘That man spirted,’ the girl said matter-of-factly. ‘Sorry,’ I said. I was also bewildered. What in God’s name had that been about? ‘I guess I had a little delayed reaction.’ Mattie looked concerned, as though I were eighty instead of forty. I thought that maybe to a girl her age, forty is eighty. ‘Do you want to come up to the house? I’ll give you a glass of water.’ ‘No, I’m fine now.’ ‘All right. Mr. Noonan . . . all I mean is that nothing like this has ever happened to me before. I was hanging sheets . . . she was inside watching a Mighty Mouse cartoon on the VCR . . . then, when I went in to get more pins . . . ‘ She looked at the girl, who was no longer smiling. It was starting to get through to her now. Her eyes were big, and ready to fill with tears. ‘She was gone. I thought for a minute I’d die of fear.’ Now the kid’s mouth began to tremble, and her eyes filled up right on schedule. She began to weep. Mattie stroked her hair, soothing the small head until it lay against the Kmart smock top. ‘That’s all right, Ki,’ she said. ‘It turned out okay this time, but you can’t go out in the road. It’s dangerous. Little things get run over in the road, and you’re a little thing. The most precious little thing in the world.’ She cried harder. It was the exhausted sound of a child who needed a nap before any more adventures, to the beach or anywhere else. ‘Kia bad, Kia bad,’ she sobbed against her mother’s neck. ‘No, honey, only three,’ Mattie said, and if I had harbored any further thoughts about her being a bad mother, they melted away then. Or perhaps they’d already gone after all, the kid was round, comely, well-kept, and unbruised. On one level, those things registered. On another I was trying to cope with the strange thing that had just happened, and the equally strange thing I thought I was hearing that the little girl I had carried off the white line had the name we had planned to give our child, if our child turned out to be a girl. ‘Kia,’ I said. Marvelled, really. As if my touch might break her, I tentatively stroked the back of her head. Her hair was sun-warm and fine. ‘No,’ Mattie said. ‘That’s the best she can say it now. Kyra, not Kia. It’s from the Greek. It means ladylike.’ She shifted, a little self-conscious. ‘I picked it out of a baby-name book. While I was pregnant, I kind of went Oprah. Better than going postal, I guess.’ ‘It’s a lovely name,’ I said. ‘And I don’t think you’re a bad mom.’ What went through my mind right then was a story Frank Arlen had told over a meal at Christmas it had been about Petie, the youngest brother, and Frank had had the whole table in stitches. Even Petie, who claimed not to remember a bit of the incident, laughed until tears streamed down his cheeks. One Easter, Frank said, when Petie was about five, their folks had gotten them up for an Easter-egg hunt. The two parents had hidden over a hundred colored hard-boiled eggs around the house the evening before, after getting the kids over to their grandparents’. A high old Easter morning was had by all, at least until Johanna looked up from the patio, where she was counting her share of the spoils, and shrieked. There was Petie, crawling gaily around on the second-floor overhang at the back of the house, not six feet from the drop to the concrete patio. Mr. Arlen had rescued Petie while the rest of the family stood below, holding hands, frozen with horror and fascination. Mrs. Arlen had repeated the Hail Mary over and over (‘so fast she sounded like one of the Chipmunks on that old ‘Witch Doctor’ record,’ Frank had said, laughing harder than ever) until her husband had disappeared back into the open bedroom window with Petie in his arms. Then she had swooned to the pavement, breaking her nose. When asked for an explanation, Petie had told them he’d wanted to check the rain-gutter for eggs. I suppose every family has at least one story like that; the survival of the world’s Peties and Kyras is a convincing argument in the minds of parents, anyway for the existence of God. ‘I was so scared,’ Mattie said, now looking fourteen again. Fifteen at most. ‘But it’s over,’ I said. ‘And Kyra’s not going to go walking in the road anymore. Are you, Kyra?’ She shook her head against her mother’s shoulder without raising it. I had an idea she’d probably be asleep before Mattie got her back to the good old doublewide. ‘You don’t know how bizarre this is for me,’ Mattie said. ‘One of my favorite writers comes out of nowhere and saves my kid. I knew you had a place on the TR, that big old log house everyone calls Sara Laughs, but folks say you don’t come here anymore since your wife died.’ ‘For a long time I didn’t,’ I said. ‘If Sara was a marriage instead of a house, you’d call this a trial reconciliation.’ She smiled fleetingly, then looked grave again. ‘I want to ask you for something. A favor.’ ‘Ask away.’ ‘Don’t talk about this. It’s not a good time for Ki and me.’ ‘Why not?’ She bit her lip and seemed to consider answering the question -one I might not have asked, given an extra moment to consider and then shook her head. ‘It’s just not. And I’d be so grateful if you didn’t talk about what just happened in town. More grateful than you’ll ever know.’ ‘No problem.’ ‘You mean it?’ ‘Sure. I’m basically a summer person who hasn’t been around for awhile . . . which means I don’t have many folks to talk to, anyway.’ There was Bill Dean, of course, but I could keep quiet around him. Not that he wouldn’t know. If this little lady thought the locals weren’t going to find out about her daughter’s attempt to get to the beach by shank’s mare, she was fooling herself. ‘I think we’ve been noticed already, though. Take a look up at Brooksie’s Garage. Peek, don’t stare.’ She did, and sighed. Two old men were standing on the tarmac where there had been gas pumps once upon a time. One was very likely Brooksie himself; I thought I could see the remnants of the flyaway red hair which had always made him look like a downeast version of Bozo the Clown. The other, old enough to make Brooksie look like a wee slip of a lad, was leaning on a gold-headed cane in a way that was queerly vulpine. ‘I can’t do anything about them,’ she said, sounding depressed. ‘Nobody can do anything about them. I guess I should count myself lucky it’s a holiday and there’s only two of them.’ ‘Besides,’ I added, ‘they probably didn’t see much.’ Which ignored two things: first, that half a dozen cars and pick-em-ups had gone by while we had been standing here, and second, that whatever Brooksie and his elderly friend hadn’t seen, they would be more than happy to make up. On Mattie’s shoulder, Kyra gave a ladylike snore. Mattie glanced at her and gave her a smile full of rue and love. ‘I’m sorry we had to meet under circumstances that make me look like such a dope, because I really am a big fan. They say at the bookstore in Castle Rock that you’ve got a new one coming out this summer.’ I nodded. ‘It’s called Helen’s Promise.’ She grinned. ‘Good title.’ ‘Thanks. You better get your buddy back home before she breaks your arm.’ ‘Yeah.’ There are people in this world who have a knack for asking embarrassing, awkward questions without meaning to it’s like a talent for walking into doors. I am one of that tribe, and as I walked with her toward the passenger side of the Scout, I found a good one. And yet it was hard to blame myself too enthusiastically. I had seen the wedding ring on her hand, after all. ‘Will you tell your husband?’ Her smile stayed on, but it paled somehow. And tightened. If it were possible to delete a spoken question the way you can delete a line of type when you’re writing a story, I would have done it. ‘He died last August.’ ‘Mattie, I’m sorry. Open mouth, insert foot.’ ‘You couldn’t know. A girl my age isn’t even supposed to be married, is she? And if she is, her husband’s supposed to be in the army, or something.’ There was a pink baby-seat also Kmart, I guessed on the passenger side of the Scout. Mattie tried to boost Kyra in, but I could see she was struggling. I stepped forward to help her, and for just a moment, as I reached past her to grab a plump leg, the back of my hand brushed her breast. She couldn’t step back unless she wanted to risk Kyra’s slithering out of the seat and onto the floor, but I could feel her recording the touch. My husband’s dead, not a threat, so the big-deal writer thinks it’s okay to cop a little feel on a hot summer morning. And what can I say? Mr. Big Deal came along and hauled my kid out of the road, maybe saved her life. No, Mattie, I may be forty going on a hundred, but I was not copping a feel. Except I couldn’t say that; it would only make things worse. I felt my cheeks flush a little. ‘How old are you?’ I asked, when we had the baby squared away and were back at a safe distance. She gave me a look. Tired or not, she had it together again. ‘Old enough to know the situation I’m in.’ She held out her hand. ‘Thanks again, Mr. Noonan. God sent you along at the right time.’ ‘Nah, God just told me I needed a hamburger at the Village Cafe,’ I said. ‘Or maybe it was His opposite number. Please say Buddy’s still doing business at the same old stand.’ She smiled. It warmed her face back up again, and I was happy to see it. ‘He’ll still be there when Ki’s kids are old enough to try buying beer with fake IDS. Unless someone wanders in off the road and asks for something like shrimp tetrazzini. If that happened he’d probably drop dead of a heart attack.’ ‘Yeah. Well, when I get copies of the new book, I’ll drop one off.’ The smile continued to hang in there, but now it shaded toward caution. ‘You don’t need to do that, Mr. Noonan.’ ‘No, but I will. My agent gets me fifty comps. I find that as I get older, they go further.’ Perhaps she heard more in my voice than I had meant to put there people do sometimes, I guess. ‘All right. I’ll look forward to it.’ I took another look at the baby, sleeping in that queerly casual way they have her head tilted over on her shoulder, her lovely little lips pursed and blowing a bubble. Their skin is what kills me so fine and perfect there seem to be no pores at all. Her Sox hat was askew. Mattie watched me reach in and readjust it so the visor’s shade fell across her closed eyes. ‘Kyra,’ I said. Mattie nodded. ‘Ladylike.’ ‘Kia is an African name,’ I said. ‘It means ‘season’s beginning.† I left her then, giving her a little wave as I headed back to the driver’s side of the Chevy. I could feel her curious eyes on me, and I had the oddest feeling that I was going to cry. That feeling stayed with me long after the two of them were out of sight; was still with me when I got to the Village Cafe. I pulled into the dirt parking lot to the left of the off-brand gas pumps and just sat there for a little while, thinking about Jo and about a home pregnancy-testing kit which had cost twenty-two-fifty. A little secret she’d wanted to keep until she was absolutely sure. That must have been it; what else could it have been? ‘Kia,’ I said. ‘Season’s beginning.’ But that made me feel like crying again, so I got out of the car and slammed the door hard behind me, as if I could keep the sadness inside that way. How to cite Bag of Bones CHAPTER SEVEN, Essay examples

Psychological Basis of Teaching and Learning

Question: Discuss about thePsychological Basis of Teaching and Learning. Answer: Introduction Motivation can be explained as the vital key to achieve success institutional success. Motivation is one of the well-defined and well established aspects in the present institutions. The primary aim of motivation is to develop the morale of the students and offer them the utmost satisfying and required facilities. The motivation of the students at the institutions can be in the form of higher rewards, perks, recognitions, informal environment etc. (Gruman and Saks, 2011). The greater these benefits are the higher is the motivation level of the students is. One more key factor which is associated with the motivation is the students involvement. The institution can achieve great success if there is greater students involvement in terms of the involvement in the overall studies, decisions and actions taken at the institutions (Manzoor, 2012). Earlier motivation was just a theory which was applied in few service organizations but with change in time and workplace culture there is an exte nsive need of motivation especially at the institutional level. Presently motivation is the key concern area in the institutions so there can be achieved higher student involvement. It is not necessary that the motivational level of all the students or the people functioning at a place is similar. The motivational level varies from person to person. Therefore it is necessary to identify the individual needs and recognitions so that appropriate theories and practices can be applied to increase the motivational level of an individual. Presently the institutions incorporate several practices and programs for enhancing the motivation of the students (Nickols, 2010). The institutions laid emphasis on the personal development of the students so that they can have improved results. The enhanced student involvement and motivation has extensive number of advantages such as improved results, enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in the work, increased individual satisfaction and decreased rat e of the students failure. The greater the motivation is the higher is the involvement of the students which results into delivery of innovative ideas and viewpoints which helps in the institutional growth (Zhang and Bartol, 2010). The student involvement and the motivation are the primary and most vital aspects which helps the institutions to attain great ladders of growth and success. These two elements are highly interconnected. And it is essential for the institutions to lay emphasis on both the aspects equally i.e. improving the students involvement by involving them in decision making and incorporating practices which can increase the motivation level of the students (Crawford, LePine and Rich, 2010). Managing a Group of Students who Possess Diverse Motivation Level In various schools, institutions and associations whether the services, hospitality, nursing etc. there are various group of individuals which have different view and opinions in regards with the motivational concept. There are number of theories which will provide an in-depth understanding of the motivational concept, the way in which the motivation can be boost of the people with low motivation (Dartey-Baah and Amoako, 2011). The theories will also help in maintain the motivation of the students who possess high motivational level as well as focus upon the improvement in the motivation of the people who have moderate motivational level. ERG Motivation Theory of Alderfer The ERG motivation theory of Alderfer is basically another form of the Maslows need hierarchy theory. But the five needs have been categorized in three categories only i.e. Growth, Relatedness and Existence. In the existence needs there includes all the desires which are physiological and material needs of an individual for example affection, love, safety, clothing, air, water and food. In the relatedness needs there includes external as well as social esteem, the association with the employers, colleagues, friends and family. It also related to the feeling of security as a vital part of the society and the group. In the growth needs there includes self-actualization and internal esteem. It emphasizes an individual to develop and lay down productive as well as creative impact over the environment and oneself which means progressing towards the idea of oneself (Caulton, 2012). This theory of Alderfer prioritizes all the things and tasks in regards with the concreteness of the categori es. The existence needs are termed as the most concrete one and so they are extremely easy to analyze. Secondly the relatedness needs are comparatively less concrete and are depended upon the association among two or more individuals. And lastly the growth needs are considered as the least concrete and thus it varies from person to person. This theory can be applied at the institutions to motivate the students. In a nursing organization, there are students working as trainees of different categories. For example, the manger as well as the higher authorities must take care that the trainees or the nurses have various needs which are required to be satisfied for efficient working. As per the ERG theory if only one single need is to be emphasized upon than it will not provide desired results of achieving overall motivation. It is necessary that the overall needs must get satisfied. To manage three different kinds of people in an institution this theory can be used. To manage the individuals or the trainees with the least motivational level there has been used of the existence element. As the needs of these people are related to affection, love, safety, clothing, air, water and food are fulfilled than these people will get to know that the institution is considering for them and is also providing them opportunities to achi eve their existing needs. Secondly to manage the group of individuals which are moderately motivated there is a need to satisfy their relatedness needs (Kakkos and Trivellas, 2011). The individuals want to achieve external as well as social esteem, the association with the colleagues, friends and family and for this purpose the institution must provide them with opportunities. The opportunities can be in the form of social recognition, status in the society etc. these recognition will help these individuals to get highly motivated. Lastly to manage the group of individuals which are already highly motivated it is required that there growth need must be concerned. Self-actualization and internal esteem are required to be achieved and for this organization must provide the individuals with opportunities such as providing them the opportunities to develop themselves as well as positive feedbacks and recognitions. Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs The hierarchy of need theory basically categorizes the needs of the individual in five main factors or hierarchy level i.e. physical needs, self-actualization, safety needs, esteem needs and social needs. All these levels have various numbers of elements which are required to be emphasized and accomplished for motivating an individual. The hierarchy of needs theory is useful in the institution where there are students with diverse motivational level as it helps in proper identification of the individual needs and requirements (Jerome, 2013). This theory in the nursing organization ensures as well as safeguards that all the lower level requirements of the trainees get completely satisfied. The Maslows theory offer various opportunities to the individuals in the nursing department for attainment of the needs of approximately all the major levels. To increase the motivation of the trainees in the nursing organizations, the theory focuses on all the five levels. To the students or the tr ainees who have higher motivational level are provided with continuous incentives and benefits which they are getting so that they can be remained highly motivated. These are in the form of incentives which help the individuals in experiencing self-actualization (Kremer and Hammond, 2013). Secondly the trainees with moderate motivational level are provided with increased work role, development trainings and incentives so that their motivational level can be upsurge and they try to have increased satisfaction and lastly the individuals with the low motivation level are been focused by providing them opportunities to accomplish their basic needs as well as to have access to next level needs. Such as in nursing organization the nurses or the trainees have been provided with the opportunities to complete their basic needs (Kaur, 2013). Tesco is one of the leading examples which have applied both the ERG motivation theory as well as Maslow need hierarchy theory in the organization for enhancing the motivation of the individuals. The organization offers high salaries and wages which acts as the motivation factor for the students to join the organization as it satisfy the physiological and basic needs of the individuals. Tesco also take use of career advancement and responsibilities as the prime motivators which helps the students who are working as part time employees. The company possesses a staff options systems through which every promising and potential performer is given a chance of career advancement based upon the competence of that individual. Tesco provides extremely friendly culture to the individuals which help them in getting maximum productivity. The staff also gets huge discounts as well as privileged cards under the employee benefit scheme (Hanas, 2010). David McClelland: Theory of Needs David McClelland has developed the theory of needs in which it was stated that there are three major elements which acts as the motivators for the individuals. These motivators are a need for power, a need for affiliation and a need for achievement. It has been analyzed that the individuals have diverse characteristics which depends upon the motivator which dominates them. As per the psychologist McClelland these motivators are generally learned and this one of the reason this theory is also known as the learned theory. For example, in the institutions there are several types of individuals and regardless of their age, culture or gender all these individuals or the students possess these three motivating drivers. And in all those individuals one motivating driver is the dominant one which forces them to work or get motivate. This dominant motivator is extremely depended upon the individuals life experience and culture. To manage three different kinds of students in an institution thi s theory can be used (Bruton, Ahlstrom and Li, 2010). To manage the individuals with the least motivational level there has been used of achievement motivator. In this there has been setting up of challenging goals. The individuals are required to take risks for achieving these goals. Once they achieve these goals as well as positive feedbacks they get motivated. To manage the group of students which are moderately motivated the dominant motivator is the affiliation. These individuals generally wants to have a group belonging. These individuals work in a team and are must favored by collaboration instead of competition. Thus to manage them there is need of association with other and wants to achieve group recognition. Lastly to manage the group of individuals which are already highly motivated the dominant motivator is power (Day and Antonakis, 2012). These individuals have a primary aim to control as well as influence other individuals. There is a need to manage the motivational le vel of this group which is done by providing them opportunities to have recognition, high status, winning arguments and completion. Through these elements these individuals can easily be managed. Thus if seen from the perspectives of a nursing organization it can be stated that according to this theory the trainees get motivated when there is setting up of goals and objectives which are difficult in nature. The nurses and other trainees are provided with regular feedbacks which act as the motivator for them to out their efforts and achieve the set targets. Once the trainees achieve the goals they increase their effort for the attainment of affiliation and later on for achieving power (Forbes, 2011). Equity Theory by John Adams In the equity theory developed by John Adams, it has been stated that there are several factors which affects the motivation level of the individuals. This theory basically emphasizes upon the perception of the students of their association with the instructor or the professor and the work and its impact over the motivation level of them. This theory is basically developed on the notion that one of the major reasons behind the de-motivated students is the variance in their desired results and their actual results (Bell, 2011). The students found that the output they are receiving are less than the inputs they have served to the institution. And this result into de-motivation, decreased efforts, dissatisfaction, reduced involvement and increased failure rate. Through this equity theory the students can be motivated if they have been provided with equitable and fair opportunities of development and growth (Shantz and Latham, 2011).It is required that the students must be treated with h igh fairness without any issue of inequality. For example, in the various nursing organizations, it is required that all the nurses or the other trainees must get equal opportunity to get incentives and to get promoted. They must be providing with an open discussion of the overall results of the performances so that there can be equality and fairness in the incentives provides as well as in the delegation of the authorities. It will increase the motivation level of all the trainees and mainly the one with the low motivational level. It will also encourage the students to remain motivated and put their extreme efforts in the achievements of the goals (Bell and Martin, 2012). HSBC is one of the leading financial institution as well as a recognized example of a motivational organization which motivates its employees with best possible practices. The bank pays the highest salaries and wages to its employees in comparison with other financial institutions. And this becomes one of the biggest motivations for the student to associate with this organization. The rate of annual increments of HSBC banks is also very high. The work culture has been used by the bank as the factor of motivation as it helps the employees to develop and grow. The equity theory is been taken use by the bank for motivating the employees as equal and fair recognition plan and practices have been implemented in the organization. Other benefits which the bank offers to its employees for increasing the motivation level includes various parties, annual trips, paid holidays, discounted price of the shares etc.(Hanas, 2010). Expectancy Theory by Victor Vroom The expectancy theory works upon three major elements i.e. outcomes, performance and efforts. The theory explained that the performance of an individual is basically based upon various factors such as abilities, experiences, knowledge, skills and personality. As per Vroom, the three elements, outcomes, performance and efforts are highly linked with the individuals motivation. Expectancy can be understood as the belief which shows that with the increase in the efforts there is improvement and enhancement in the performance. As per this theory of Victor Vroom, the students in an institution get motivated when they have been provided with opportunities for their growth and personal development. The students develop several expectations in regards with their efforts done. It is necessary for the institutions to satisfy the students by providing them opportunities so that they can fulfill their expectancies. There is a direct connection among the accomplishment of the expectancy and the m otivation of an individual (Blue, 2011).To manage three different kinds of students in an institution this theory can be used. To manage the students the institutions must work as per the individual need of the students as the expectancy level of each student is different. Analysis of efforts, performances and expectancies will give a better understanding of the motivational level of the students. Google is one of the well-known leaders in providing the best working place to its employees. The motivational level of the employees working at Google is extremely high. Google take use of the expectancy theorys principles for achieving an innovative organizational work culture. To meet the expectancy of the individuals the company offers several benefits to them such as discounted legal aid, tuition reimbursement, paid maternity leave, travel insurance, onsite nurses and physicians, free dinner/lunch etc. All these perks increase the motivation of the individuals such as the reimbursement of the tuition fees motivate the student to achieve higher studies who are at part time job at Google (McMillon, n.d.). Frederick Herzberg: Motivation and Hygiene factors In the Herzberg two factor theory of motivation, the students issues regarding the motivation and dissatisfaction are considered as two diverse aspects. For enhancing the motivation of the students the institutions use syllabus and course redesigning. As per this theory the students get motivated by two different factors. The first factor is the hygiene factor which includes security, interpersonal relations, physical working conditions, fringe benefits, administrative policies and institutional policies. The improved and increase in all these elements have a direct impact over the motivation of the students. The second factor is the motivation factor which includes meaningfulness of the work, responsibility, growth and promotional opportunities, sense of achievement and recognition. The enhancement and improvement in these factors develops and enhances the motivation of the students and emphasize them to work hard (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014).To manage three different kinds of stude nts in an institution this theory can be used as the students with least motivation must be provided with additional benefits, fringe benefits. The students with moderate motivation level must be provided with responsibilities and growth opportunities. And the individuals with high motivation must be offered opportunities for sense of achievement and recognition. Tesco is one of the respectful examples which can be given in the application of this theory at the workplace e for enhancing the motivation of the individuals. The company pays concern over the hygiene factors for motivating the individuals. For instance, Tesco empowers as well as motivates the individuals by implementing timely and appropriate communication with them, by delegating several authorities and responsibilities and by involving the individuals in the decision making. There are open forum in which there is involvement of the individuals related to the pay rises. It displays the work recognition of the employees of Tesco. Douglas McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y The motivation theory developed by McGregor has two variables i.e. Theory X and Theory Y. As per the Theory X, it has been assumed that the individuals are naturally disliked working and they are de-motivated. In such situation, the leaders or the institution takes use of authoritarian management style. There is taken use of strict control and threatened forces for make the work done as well there is high supervision level at every next step. As per the Theory Y, it has been assumed that individuals take responsibilities and are interested in getting motivated. Therefore the institutions take use of participative management style which is de-centralized in nature. The students enjoy their studies as well as assessments with less supervision (Miner, 2015). To manage three different kinds of students in an institution this theory can be used. To manage the students with the least motivational level there has been used of the Theory X so that they can perform well by the threat of autho ritative management style and forced to study hard and give appropriate results to the institution. To manage the group of students which are moderately motivated there must be take use of Theory Y as to give them higher responsibilities so that can enhance their performance as well as motivation. Lastly to manage the group of individuals which are already highly motivated Theory Y will only be used as to provide them recognition and rewards for their hard work so that their motivation remain same (Gannon and Boguszak, 2013). Standard Chartered Bank is one of the corporate examples which apply this theory of motivation in the organization. The organization takes use of Theory Y for motivating the employees. There are several benefits provided to the employees such as high salaries, fringe benefits, job security, opportunities for development and training. There has been offered appreciation and rewards to the efficient workers. There is delegation of responsibilities to the students who work as trainees so that they can have promotions (Irungu, 2013). Conclusion The students who are motivated are the actual and potential assets to an institution as motivation is the key factor for attaining institutional growth and success. The report clearly states that there are several motivational theories which play a vital role in the business, service and educational institutions for enhancing the motivation of the individuals and increase their involvement. All the above explained theories have significant approach in making the individuals motivated. There are various students in the institutions with different motivational level. Thus the report describes that in what manner the diverse needs of the students can be satisfied and they can be motivated (Rich,Lepine and Crawford, 2010).The evaluation of the theories states that there is some similarities among all the motivational theories and the primary and end goal is to satisfy the needs of the students and to motivate them. Hence it can be concluded from the overall report that the institutions m ust use the motivational theories and their significance application for boosting the motivational level of the students or trainees and attaining the institutional goals. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice.Kogan Page Publishers. Bell, R. L. (2011). Addressing employees' feelings of inequity: Capitalizing on equity theory in modern management.Supervision Magazine, 72 (5), 3-6. Bell, R.L. and Martin, J.S., (2012). The relevance of scientific management and equity theory in everyday managerial communication situations.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,13(3). Blue, C.S., 2011.Motivation theories and human resources. Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., Li, H. L. (2010). Institutional theory and entrepreneurship: where are we now and where do we need to move in the future?.Entrepreneurship theory and practice,34(3), 421-440. 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